外文评价农产品期货市场

A. 农产品出口的外文文献

外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，如果需要直接网络hi中留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，并请及时知道评价，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，并请及时采纳

B. 农产品期货市场的功能与作用

有两大功能：（1）发现价格功能；（2）风险管理功能。
作用：（1）可以减少或避免中国因缺乏发达国家期货市场而付出高成本的代价；
（2）由于农产品现货市场的价格信息具有短期性的特点，仅反应一个时点的供求状况，中国的农产品期货市场就能减小这种特点衍生的滞后性；
（3）期货价格发挥了基准价格的作用，本国农产品期货市场成为国内的定价中心

C. 国外的期货市场，和国内的特点一样吗

1，国内确实存在主力控盘行为，短暂操纵也存在，但这并不能说国内市场不行，大家的研判结果不一致，资金配比不对等，确实容易导致一时的价格出现失真不合理情况，但是操纵是很难长久而且幅度不会大，现在一切都很透明，价格最终肯定是会回到有效，关键是你判断的对不对。国外一样有大资金操控市场，不然哪儿来的炒作等等，没有不合理就不会有合理，国外的商品管理基金，对冲基金，期货投机基金等等他们也是资金优势巨大，即使都没操纵但是那影响力和影响程度也几乎像操纵，还有高盛摩根等等这些投资银行，谁能证明自己是干净的。
2，国内的技术分析就是来源于欧美，没有太大差别，关键就是看是谁在运用，心态，判断，素质等等都会影响技术分析的效果，所以技术分析无论国内外都不是一点不错的，这些东西大家都懂，可是期货上赚钱的人却很少，东西都不是绝对的，成功也不会是一两年就可能成熟混出来的。
3，这本书在国内市场适用，理论都没区别，但是靠书本靠着照搬，你会我也会，这点是不够的。

D. 急求关于物流的外文文献，最好是关于农产品物流的！

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the proceres set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport instry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of rable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl.

Mode
Main article: Mode of transport
A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.

Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries
[edit] Human-powered
Main article: Human-powered transport
Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

[edit] Animal-powered
Main article: Animal-powered transport
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, enrance and carrying capacity; prior to the Instrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.

[edit] Air
Main article: Aviation

Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]

InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train
[edit] Rail
Main article: Rail transport
Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

[edit] Road
Main article: Road transport

Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a al function as urban space easement and route.[6]

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.

Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

[edit] Water
Main article: Ship transport

Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was proced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to proce the steam. Recreational or ecational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]

Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil
[edit] Other
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.

[edit] Elements

Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water
[edit] Infrastructure
Main article: Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of proction to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.

A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship
[edit] Vehicles
Main article: Vehicle
A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

[edit] Operation

Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive instry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13]

[edit] Function
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces ring warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mum, India
[edit] Passenger
Main article: Travel
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.

International travel may be restricted for some indivials e to legislation and visa requirements.

[edit] Freight
Main article: Shipping
Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, proction is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring procts from procer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk ring transport.[18]

Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge rection in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the proct, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid procts with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for procts of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

[edit] History
Main article: History of transport

Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and ration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Instrial Revolution.

The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Instrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and proction and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.

E. 全球知名农产品期货市场

全球最知名农产品期货市场就是美国的芝加哥（CBOT）交易所，是世界最早最多农产品品种的交易所，最成熟的市场。

F. 世界各国期货的市场发展对中国的期货市场有什么借鉴

1990年10月12日 中国郑州粮食批发市场开业，中国期货市场诞生。

1992年9月 第一家期货经纪公司——广东万通期货经纪公司成立；同年底，中国国际期货经纪公司开业。

1993年5月28日 郑州商品交易所推出标准化期货合约，实现由现货到期货过渡。

1993年11月4日 国务院发出《关于制止期货市场盲目发展的通知》

G. 什么是农产品期货市场

农产品期货市场是指买卖农产品期货合约的市场，它既是资本市场的一部分，又是农产品市场体系的一个重要方面。

H. 英国期货市场的优点

一、监管层次分明，分工明确

FSA，英国金融监管局，类似于我国的证监会、银监会以及保监会的复合体，承担着银行、证券、期货、保险的监管功能。(独家证券参考，全新角度看股市……)

FSA监管的原则就是保护投资者利益，特别是散户的利益，维护市场信心，FSA和公司保持稳定的联系，确保了解期货市场的最新动态以及公司动态。例如，FSA公布有热线电话，供一般的公司与之接洽，并且FSA还有工作人员专门负责一些大型公司，比如我们后来访问的Calyon（凯雷）就有FSA的人专门负责监管。

FSA的人员会定期和期货公司的高管沟通，也就是下基层，听取公司的工作汇报以及未来的工作安排。在年报中，期货公司还需要向FSA报送未来一年的工作计划安排。当然，FSA也可以根据需要，要求经纪公司更为频繁的报送监管报表，从每月一次改为每天，而且即使问题解决后，也需要继续每日报送，直到FSA认为不需要这么做为止。

FSA的工作人员来自五湖四海，国际化特征明显，例如负责接待我们的两位FSA官员均为来自德国的女士。FSA工作人员的敬业和专业精神给我们留下了深刻印象。

二、中央清算机构主要控制资金风险

从控制风险的角度看，LCH也就是伦敦清算行，成为风险控制的核心环节。我们在6月24日上午来到清算行，LCH总裁介绍了LCH－clearnet的历史。目前国内的交易所还承担着清算所的功能，但是从欧美国家期货市场的状况看，独立的清算行更能够起到控制市场风险的作用。首先，LCH是一个确保独立的结构，成为所有卖家的买家，所有买家的卖家。当然，LCH的清算会员需要具备一定的资金资格。作为非营利性组织，LCH致力于提高服务，同时降低手续费，收入主要用来提高技术水平，盈余将会返还给清算行的会员。

LCH实行的具体风险控制机制包括，在交易行情波动剧烈，市场风险巨大的时候，就会提高保证金，甚至当日追加保证金，会员如果不能及时追加保证金，清算行有权直接从银行划拨资金，如果账上没有钱，LCH可以平掉多出的合约。LCH没有持仓限制，但是会根据持仓的规模，要求会员增加保证金额度。

LCH还有一套类似于span的系统，以此来计算出潜在的风险，主要是通过输入某个合约的历史最大波动范围，以及输入理论的波动值，计算出在极端的情况下需要的最佳保证金水平。

三、交易所控制交易风险

在伦敦期间，我们还走访了国际石油期货交易所、伦敦金属交易所、Euronext－LIFFE伦敦国际金融期货交易所等三家期货交易所，最为直观的感觉就是，这三家交易所的外观都非常不起眼。LIFFE位于Cannon街旁边的一座三层建筑物里面，外观和一家普通的商店没有区别，但是进去之后却发现别有洞天。LIFFE是一家纯粹的电子化交易所，没有另外两家交易所的交易池（tradingfloor），而是在全世界26个国家有2万多台终端，但是LIFFE非常注重技术，技术人员就有三千人。进入LIFFE后，最引人注目的就是一个特别庞大的大厅，工作人员和不停闪烁的电脑屏幕很有特点，这就是市场监控部，负责动态监管LIFFE交易的所有品种。LIFFE的工作人员给我们介绍了如何动态的调整期货合约的涨跌停板，保证市场的流动性，同时又能控制交易者的资金风险。

老牌的伦敦金属交易所和国际石油期货交易所则保留了传统的场内喊价交易。LME的监管部官员是一位来自中国香港的同胞，已经在英国生活了三十多年，她非常热情地介绍了LME先进的监管系统，从中可以动态计算会员持仓以及交易数据，以及会员持有的仓单数量和总仓单量的比率。LME没有持仓限制，而是通过大户持仓报告制度了解持仓的具体内容，当某个会员的客户持仓过于集中时，交易所就会要求会员对此作出相应的合理解释。当集中度超出一定标准，例如90％的时候，交易所将会要求会员将持仓减下来。

四、期货公司如何适应监管要求

在伦敦期间，我们还访问了英国的凯雷期货公司以及AMT期货公司。这两家公司规模不同，而且客户构成也有很大不同。凯雷期货公司前身为著名的Carr期货公司，客户主要为机构投资者。该公司内设庞大的监管合规部，负责和监管部门打交道。凯雷期货合规部的负责人为我们详细介绍了如何按照FSA要求来规范业务运作流程，包括协调各种报表的报送，针对监管部门的要求来作出相应的答复。

AMT公司的负责人也详尽介绍了期货公司在日常风险管理中的运作流程，包括如何对客户风险进行评估。他着重强调，并非所有的客户都适合做期货，而且期货公司也需要对客户的资金能力不断进行评估，在必要的情况下，需要进行实地调查，了解客户的资信情况，以避免出现客户保证金追加不到位的情况发生。这一点充分体现了英国期货公司审慎的经营理念，他们总是力图将风险控制在事前。

为期十天的考察活动，使我们对英国的期货市场监管有了更深的了解。近年来，欧洲期货市场异军突起，在成交量频创纪录的背后，以英国为代表的欧洲期货市场却很少出现重大风险事故，这其中的奥妙就在于欧洲期货市场务实严谨的风险监管体制，这方面对于我国的期货市场风险监控体制建设具有重要的借鉴意义。

I. 国外的期货交易所主要有哪些 交易什么商品

国外的期货交易所主要有哪些
1.芝加哥期货交易所
芝加哥期货交易所是当前世界上交易规模最大、最具代表性的农产品交易所，19世纪初期，芝加哥是美国最大的谷物集散地，随着谷物交易的不断集中和远期交易方式的发展，1848年，由82位谷物交易商发起组建了芝加哥期货交易所，该交易所成立后，对交易规则不断加以完善，于1865年用标准的期货合约取代了远期合同，并实行了保证金制度。芝加哥期货交易所除厂提供玉米，大豆、小麦等农产品期货交易外，还为中、长期美国政府债券、股票指数、市政债券指数、黄金和白银等商品提供期货交易市场，并提供农产品、金融及金属的期权交易。芝加哥期货交易所的玉米、大豆、小麦等品种的期货价格，不仅成为美国农业生产、加上的重要参考价格，而且成为国际农产品贸易中的权威价格。
2.伦敦金属交易所
伦敦金属交易所是世界上最大的有色金属交易所，伦敦金属交易所的价格和库存对世界范围的有色金属生产和销售有着重要的影响。在19世纪中期，英国曾是世界上最大的锡和铜的生产国／同随着时间的推移，工业需求不断增长，英国又迫切地需要从国外的矿山大量进口工业原料。在当时的条件下，由于穿越大洋运送矿砂的货轮抵达时间没有规律，所以金属的价格起伏波动很大，金属商人和消费者要面对巨大的风险，1877年、一些金属交易商人成立了伦敦金属交易所并建立了规范化的交易方式。从本世纪初起，伦敦金属交易所开始公开发布其成交价格并被广泛作为世界金属贸易的某准价格。世界上全部铜生产量的70％是按照伦敦金属交易所公布的正式牌价为基准进行贸易的。
每周工作日内，伦敦金属交易所有色金属交易时间程序如下：格林威治时间11：40，开始早晨场内交易；每个交易品种轮流交易各5分钟。12：20，8种金属全部顺次交易之后，休息10分钟；12：30，开始早晨第二场交易，每个品种仍是按顺序交易5分钟。因为早晨第二场场内交易决定当天的官方结算价，所以意义特殊。

官方结算价报出之后，即下午13：15左右，场外价开始交易，一直持续到13：30。这期间，8个金属品种同时交易。早晨场内交易在场外价收市之后结束，交易转入室内进行。

伦敦金属交易所全天第二场交易于下午15：10开始。下午的场内交易同上午的交易方式类似，在16：35结束之后，随即进行场外交易，一直到17：00，共持续25分钟。早晨同下午场内交易的区别是下午的场内交易没有官方宣布结算价这一重要的程序。

伦敦金属交易所交易程序表
上午第一场 时间 下午第二场 时间
第一节 （格林威治） 第三节 （格林威治）
白银 11.40 铝合金 15.10
铝合金 11.45 白银 15.15
锡 11.50 铅 15.20
铝 11.55 锌 15.25
铜 12.00 铜 15.30
铅 12.05 铝 15.35
锌 12.10 锡 15.40
镍 12.15 镍 15.45
休息 休息
第二节 第四节
铜 12.30 白银 15.55
铝合金 12.35 铅 16.00
锡 12.40 锌 16.05
铅 12.45 铜 16.10
锌 12.50 铝 16.15
铝 12.55 锡 16.20
镍 13.00 镍 16.25
白银 13.05 铝合金 16.30
（1＊） （2＊）

说明：（1＊）：场外交易一直持续到13.30。

（2＊）：场外交易从16.35持续到17.00。其中铝合金和白银在16.45结束，锡在16.50结束，锌和镍在16.55结束，铜和铝在17.00结束。
3.纽约商品交易所
纽约商品交易所进行期货交易的铜,一般是高级电解铜,但其他品质的铜如熔炼等也可以通过折算后进行交割，除此之外，COMES还进行铜的期权交易。
COMEX铜期货合约:(高级铜)
交易单位 25000镑
交割等级 1号电解铜
报价方式 每磅美分
最小价格变动 0.05美分/磅
每日停板额 每磅20美分/磅
交易时间 纽约时间9:25-14:00
合约月份 连续3个月份及23个月内的 1,3,5,7,9,12月
最后交易日 交割月的倒数第三个营业日
4.日本东京工业品交易所
日本东京工业品交易所和神户橡胶交易所交易的标准品是三号烟胶片，即Rss3，二者的行情基本上是新加坡行情的翻版，受产地市场走向带动。
合约单位：5吨
合约标准：国际3号烟胶片（RSS3）
合约月份：当前交易月份之后的4个月中的每个月及其之后的偶数月
报价单位：日元/公斤
最小变动价位：10钱（0.1日元）/公斤
每日价格最大波动限制：报价（日元） 日元/合约
低于100 6 日元
100－150 7 日元
150－200 8 日元
200以上 9 日元
初始保证金： 报价（日元） 日元/合约
低于100 45000 日元
100－150 52500 日元
150－200 60000 日元
200以上 67500 日元
手续费： 合约价格 手续费
不足200日元 每张合约3310日元
200-300 每张合约3480日元
300-400 每张合约3650日元
400以上合约价格每增加100日元，手续费增加170日元
持仓限制： 当前交割月 200 张
下一交割月 500 张
其他交割月 1500 张
总持仓 6000 张
最后交易日：交割日前第5个营业日
交割日：当月的最后营业日，12月除外，12月的交割日是倒数第二个最后营业日
交易时间：上午节：9：45， 10：45
下午节：13：45，14：45，15：30
交割地点：指定仓库
交割方式：实物交割
5.纽约商业交易所
交易单位：
期货：1000 美式桶（42000加仑）
期权：1张NYMEX(纽约商业交易所)的原油合约。

交易时间：
期货和期权：上午9：45～下午3：10，为场内公开竞价时间。
场外交易通过NYMEX ACCESSSM的电子交易系统进行。周一到周四下午4点开始交易，次日上午8点结束。周日电子交易下午7点开始。上述时间为纽约时间。

交易月份：
期货：30个连续月加上远期期货距交割月36，48，60，72和84个月的合约。
这些日期只包括场内公开竞价的时间。
期权：12个连续月，加上18，24，36个月以半年6或12月为结算周期的远期期权。

报价方式：
期货和期权：美元+美分/桶。

最小价格变动单位：
期货期权：$0.01/桶($10/合约)

每日最大价格波动：
期货：最早的2个合约月为$15/桶（$15000/合约）。如果按后续合约前一日结算价$3.00作为最大价格波动，则此后续合约之前的合约的最大价格波动由$3.00升到$6.00。
期权：不设波动限制。

最后交易日：
期货：交易终止于交割月正常交易第25日之前的第3天，如果当月第25个正常交易日是非工作日，则以工作日顺延。
期权：期货最后交易日之前3日。

交割：
以FOB卖方的设备，在俄克拉荷马州，以罐装、管道或其他内容设备进行。

交割期：
所有交割必须在交割月交割期内完成。

可选择交割程序(ADP)：
可选择交割程序适用于以在交易所达成协议并最终履行现货月合约的买方、卖方。如果买卖双方同意以不同于合约上描述的条件交割，他们可在此基础上，向交易所申请他们的意图的交易条件。

自然的期货交易（EFP）：
商业性买卖双方可以通过向交易所提出申请的方式将他们的期货头寸改成相等的自然头寸。EFP 可用于初始头寸和清算头寸。

可交割商品等级：
特定的国内原油硫磺重量低于0.42％，不超过37API或低于42API 的重量。下列国内原油渠道是可交割的：西德克萨斯中介，低香混合油，新墨西哥香型原油，北德克萨斯香型原油，俄克拉荷马香型原油，南德克萨斯香型原油。
特定的外国原油不超过37API或42API的重量。下列外国原油渠道是可交割的：英国的布伦特和挪威的奥斯博格，卖方应该获得最后结算价每桶30美分的折扣。尼日利亚和哥伦比亚交割时应有15美分的贴水。

品质检查：
质检按输油管实际状况进行。买方或卖方可以指定一名质检员检查交割油的质量。提出质检要求的一方承担质检费用并提示对方将进行检查。

头寸限制：
所有月份合约总和最多为15000张，现货月最后3天最多持有1000张合约，持任何单月合约最多不超过7500张。

保证金要求：
持买（卖）开期货和短期期权头寸需交纳保证金。期权交易者的保证金不能超过贴水。

交易代码：
期货：CL
期权：LO

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