外文評價農產品期貨市場

A. 農產品出口的外文文獻

外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，如果需要直接網路hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，並請及時知道評價，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，並請及時採納

B. 農產品期貨市場的功能與作用

有兩大功能：（1）發現價格功能；（2）風險管理功能。
作用：（1）可以減少或避免中國因缺乏發達國家期貨市場而付出高成本的代價；
（2）由於農產品現貨市場的價格信息具有短期性的特點，僅反應一個時點的供求狀況，中國的農產品期貨市場就能減小這種特點衍生的滯後性；
（3）期貨價格發揮了基準價格的作用，本國農產品期貨市場成為國內的定價中心

C. 國外的期貨市場，和國內的特點一樣嗎

1，國內確實存在主力控盤行為，短暫操縱也存在，但這並不能說國內市場不行，大家的研判結果不一致，資金配比不對等，確實容易導致一時的價格出現失真不合理情況，但是操縱是很難長久而且幅度不會大，現在一切都很透明，價格最終肯定是會回到有效，關鍵是你判斷的對不對。國外一樣有大資金操控市場，不然哪兒來的炒作等等，沒有不合理就不會有合理，國外的商品管理基金，對沖基金，期貨投機基金等等他們也是資金優勢巨大，即使都沒操縱但是那影響力和影響程度也幾乎像操縱，還有高盛摩根等等這些投資銀行，誰能證明自己是干凈的。
2，國內的技術分析就是來源於歐美，沒有太大差別，關鍵就是看是誰在運用，心態，判斷，素質等等都會影響技術分析的效果，所以技術分析無論國內外都不是一點不錯的，這些東西大家都懂，可是期貨上賺錢的人卻很少，東西都不是絕對的，成功也不會是一兩年就可能成熟混出來的。
3，這本書在國內市場適用，理論都沒區別，但是靠書本靠著照搬，你會我也會，這點是不夠的。

D. 急求關於物流的外文文獻，最好是關於農產品物流的！

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the proceres set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport instry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of rable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl.

Mode
Main article: Mode of transport
A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.

Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries
[edit] Human-powered
Main article: Human-powered transport
Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

[edit] Animal-powered
Main article: Animal-powered transport
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, enrance and carrying capacity; prior to the Instrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.

[edit] Air
Main article: Aviation

Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]

InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train
[edit] Rail
Main article: Rail transport
Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

[edit] Road
Main article: Road transport

Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a al function as urban space easement and route.[6]

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.

Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

[edit] Water
Main article: Ship transport

Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was proced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to proce the steam. Recreational or ecational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]

Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil
[edit] Other
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.

[edit] Elements

Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water
[edit] Infrastructure
Main article: Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of proction to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.

A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship
[edit] Vehicles
Main article: Vehicle
A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

[edit] Operation

Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive instry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13]

[edit] Function
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces ring warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mum, India
[edit] Passenger
Main article: Travel
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.

International travel may be restricted for some indivials e to legislation and visa requirements.

[edit] Freight
Main article: Shipping
Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, proction is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring procts from procer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk ring transport.[18]

Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge rection in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the proct, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid procts with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for procts of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

[edit] History
Main article: History of transport

Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and ration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Instrial Revolution.

The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Instrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and proction and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.

E. 全球知名農產品期貨市場

全球最知名農產品期貨市場就是美國的芝加哥（CBOT）交易所，是世界最早最多農產品品種的交易所，最成熟的市場。

F. 世界各國期貨的市場發展對中國的期貨市場有什麼借鑒

1990年10月12日 中國鄭州糧食批發市場開業，中國期貨市場誕生。

1992年9月 第一家期貨經紀公司——廣東萬通期貨經紀公司成立；同年底，中國國際期貨經紀公司開業。

1993年5月28日 鄭州商品交易所推出標准化期貨合約，實現由現貨到期貨過渡。

1993年11月4日 國務院發出《關於制止期貨市場盲目發展的通知》

G. 什麼是農產品期貨市場

農產品期貨市場是指買賣農產品期貨合約的市場，它既是資本市場的一部分，又是農產品市場體系的一個重要方面。

H. 英國期貨市場的優點

一、監管層次分明，分工明確

FSA，英國金融監管局，類似於我國的證監會、銀監會以及保監會的復合體，承擔著銀行、證券、期貨、保險的監管功能。(獨家證券參考，全新角度看股市……)

FSA監管的原則就是保護投資者利益，特別是散戶的利益，維護市場信心，FSA和公司保持穩定的聯系，確保了解期貨市場的最新動態以及公司動態。例如，FSA公布有熱線電話，供一般的公司與之接洽，並且FSA還有工作人員專門負責一些大型公司，比如我們後來訪問的Calyon（凱雷）就有FSA的人專門負責監管。

FSA的人員會定期和期貨公司的高管溝通，也就是下基層，聽取公司的工作匯報以及未來的工作安排。在年報中，期貨公司還需要向FSA報送未來一年的工作計劃安排。當然，FSA也可以根據需要，要求經紀公司更為頻繁的報送監管報表，從每月一次改為每天，而且即使問題解決後，也需要繼續每日報送，直到FSA認為不需要這么做為止。

FSA的工作人員來自五湖四海，國際化特徵明顯，例如負責接待我們的兩位FSA官員均為來自德國的女士。FSA工作人員的敬業和專業精神給我們留下了深刻印象。

二、中央清算機構主要控制資金風險

從控制風險的角度看，LCH也就是倫敦清算行，成為風險控制的核心環節。我們在6月24日上午來到清算行，LCH總裁介紹了LCH－clearnet的歷史。目前國內的交易所還承擔著清算所的功能，但是從歐美國家期貨市場的狀況看，獨立的清算行更能夠起到控制市場風險的作用。首先，LCH是一個確保獨立的結構，成為所有賣家的買家，所有買家的賣家。當然，LCH的清算會員需要具備一定的資金資格。作為非營利性組織，LCH致力於提高服務，同時降低手續費，收入主要用來提高技術水平，盈餘將會返還給清算行的會員。

LCH實行的具體風險控制機制包括，在交易行情波動劇烈，市場風險巨大的時候，就會提高保證金，甚至當日追加保證金，會員如果不能及時追加保證金，清算行有權直接從銀行劃撥資金，如果賬上沒有錢，LCH可以平掉多出的合約。LCH沒有持倉限制，但是會根據持倉的規模，要求會員增加保證金額度。

LCH還有一套類似於span的系統，以此來計算出潛在的風險，主要是通過輸入某個合約的歷史最大波動范圍，以及輸入理論的波動值，計算出在極端的情況下需要的最佳保證金水平。

三、交易所控制交易風險

在倫敦期間，我們還走訪了國際石油期貨交易所、倫敦金屬交易所、Euronext－LIFFE倫敦國際金融期貨交易所等三家期貨交易所，最為直觀的感覺就是，這三家交易所的外觀都非常不起眼。LIFFE位於Cannon街旁邊的一座三層建築物裡面，外觀和一家普通的商店沒有區別，但是進去之後卻發現別有洞天。LIFFE是一家純粹的電子化交易所，沒有另外兩家交易所的交易池（tradingfloor），而是在全世界26個國家有2萬多台終端，但是LIFFE非常注重技術，技術人員就有三千人。進入LIFFE後，最引人注目的就是一個特別龐大的大廳，工作人員和不停閃爍的電腦屏幕很有特點，這就是市場監控部，負責動態監管LIFFE交易的所有品種。LIFFE的工作人員給我們介紹了如何動態的調整期貨合約的漲跌停板，保證市場的流動性，同時又能控制交易者的資金風險。

老牌的倫敦金屬交易所和國際石油期貨交易所則保留了傳統的場內喊價交易。LME的監管部官員是一位來自中國香港的同胞，已經在英國生活了三十多年，她非常熱情地介紹了LME先進的監管系統，從中可以動態計算會員持倉以及交易數據，以及會員持有的倉單數量和總倉單量的比率。LME沒有持倉限制，而是通過大戶持倉報告制度了解持倉的具體內容，當某個會員的客戶持倉過於集中時，交易所就會要求會員對此作出相應的合理解釋。當集中度超出一定標准，例如90％的時候，交易所將會要求會員將持倉減下來。

四、期貨公司如何適應監管要求

在倫敦期間，我們還訪問了英國的凱雷期貨公司以及AMT期貨公司。這兩家公司規模不同，而且客戶構成也有很大不同。凱雷期貨公司前身為著名的Carr期貨公司，客戶主要為機構投資者。該公司內設龐大的監管合規部，負責和監管部門打交道。凱雷期貨合規部的負責人為我們詳細介紹了如何按照FSA要求來規范業務運作流程，包括協調各種報表的報送，針對監管部門的要求來作出相應的答復。

AMT公司的負責人也詳盡介紹了期貨公司在日常風險管理中的運作流程，包括如何對客戶風險進行評估。他著重強調，並非所有的客戶都適合做期貨，而且期貨公司也需要對客戶的資金能力不斷進行評估，在必要的情況下，需要進行實地調查，了解客戶的資信情況，以避免出現客戶保證金追加不到位的情況發生。這一點充分體現了英國期貨公司審慎的經營理念，他們總是力圖將風險控制在事前。

為期十天的考察活動，使我們對英國的期貨市場監管有了更深的了解。近年來，歐洲期貨市場異軍突起，在成交量頻創紀錄的背後，以英國為代表的歐洲期貨市場卻很少出現重大風險事故，這其中的奧妙就在於歐洲期貨市場務實嚴謹的風險監管體制，這方面對於我國的期貨市場風險監控體制建設具有重要的借鑒意義。

I. 國外的期貨交易所主要有哪些 交易什麼商品

國外的期貨交易所主要有哪些
1.芝加哥期貨交易所
芝加哥期貨交易所是當前世界上交易規模最大、最具代表性的農產品交易所，19世紀初期，芝加哥是美國最大的穀物集散地，隨著穀物交易的不斷集中和遠期交易方式的發展，1848年，由82位穀物交易商發起組建了芝加哥期貨交易所，該交易所成立後，對交易規則不斷加以完善，於1865年用標準的期貨合約取代了遠期合同，並實行了保證金制度。芝加哥期貨交易所除廠提供玉米，大豆、小麥等農產品期貨交易外，還為中、長期美國政府債券、股票指數、市政債券指數、黃金和白銀等商品提供期貨交易市場，並提供農產品、金融及金屬的期權交易。芝加哥期貨交易所的玉米、大豆、小麥等品種的期貨價格，不僅成為美國農業生產、加上的重要參考價格，而且成為國際農產品貿易中的權威價格。
2.倫敦金屬交易所
倫敦金屬交易所是世界上最大的有色金屬交易所，倫敦金屬交易所的價格和庫存對世界范圍的有色金屬生產和銷售有著重要的影響。在19世紀中期，英國曾是世界上最大的錫和銅的生產國／同隨著時間的推移，工業需求不斷增長，英國又迫切地需要從國外的礦山大量進口工業原料。在當時的條件下，由於穿越大洋運送礦砂的貨輪抵達時間沒有規律，所以金屬的價格起伏波動很大，金屬商人和消費者要面對巨大的風險，1877年、一些金屬交易商人成立了倫敦金屬交易所並建立了規范化的交易方式。從本世紀初起，倫敦金屬交易所開始公開發布其成交價格並被廣泛作為世界金屬貿易的某准價格。世界上全部銅生產量的70％是按照倫敦金屬交易所公布的正式牌價為基準進行貿易的。
每周工作日內，倫敦金屬交易所有色金屬交易時間程序如下：格林威治時間11：40，開始早晨場內交易；每個交易品種輪流交易各5分鍾。12：20，8種金屬全部順次交易之後，休息10分鍾；12：30，開始早晨第二場交易，每個品種仍是按順序交易5分鍾。因為早晨第二場場內交易決定當天的官方結算價，所以意義特殊。

官方結算價報出之後，即下午13：15左右，場外價開始交易，一直持續到13：30。這期間，8個金屬品種同時交易。早晨場內交易在場外價收市之後結束，交易轉入室內進行。

倫敦金屬交易所全天第二場交易於下午15：10開始。下午的場內交易同上午的交易方式類似，在16：35結束之後，隨即進行場外交易，一直到17：00，共持續25分鍾。早晨同下午場內交易的區別是下午的場內交易沒有官方宣布結算價這一重要的程序。

倫敦金屬交易所交易程序表
上午第一場 時間 下午第二場 時間
第一節 （格林威治） 第三節 （格林威治）
白銀 11.40 鋁合金 15.10
鋁合金 11.45 白銀 15.15
錫 11.50 鉛 15.20
鋁 11.55 鋅 15.25
銅 12.00 銅 15.30
鉛 12.05 鋁 15.35
鋅 12.10 錫 15.40
鎳 12.15 鎳 15.45
休息 休息
第二節 第四節
銅 12.30 白銀 15.55
鋁合金 12.35 鉛 16.00
錫 12.40 鋅 16.05
鉛 12.45 銅 16.10
鋅 12.50 鋁 16.15
鋁 12.55 錫 16.20
鎳 13.00 鎳 16.25
白銀 13.05 鋁合金 16.30
（1＊） （2＊）

說明：（1＊）：場外交易一直持續到13.30。

（2＊）：場外交易從16.35持續到17.00。其中鋁合金和白銀在16.45結束，錫在16.50結束，鋅和鎳在16.55結束，銅和鋁在17.00結束。
3.紐約商品交易所
紐約商品交易所進行期貨交易的銅,一般是高級電解銅,但其他品質的銅如熔煉等也可以通過折算後進行交割，除此之外，COMES還進行銅的期權交易。
COMEX銅期貨合約:(高級銅)
交易單位 25000鎊
交割等級 1號電解銅
報價方式 每磅美分
最小價格變動 0.05美分/磅
每日停板額 每磅20美分/磅
交易時間 紐約時間9:25-14:00
合約月份 連續3個月份及23個月內的 1,3,5,7,9,12月
最後交易日 交割月的倒數第三個營業日
4.日本東京工業品交易所
日本東京工業品交易所和神戶橡膠交易所交易的標准品是三號煙膠片，即Rss3，二者的行情基本上是新加坡行情的翻版，受產地市場走向帶動。
合約單位：5噸
合約標准：國際3號煙膠片（RSS3）
合約月份：當前交易月份之後的4個月中的每個月及其之後的偶數月
報價單位：日元/公斤
最小變動價位：10錢（0.1日元）/公斤
每日價格最大波動限制：報價（日元） 日元/合約
低於100 6 日元
100－150 7 日元
150－200 8 日元
200以上 9 日元
初始保證金： 報價（日元） 日元/合約
低於100 45000 日元
100－150 52500 日元
150－200 60000 日元
200以上 67500 日元
手續費： 合約價格 手續費
不足200日元 每張合約3310日元
200-300 每張合約3480日元
300-400 每張合約3650日元
400以上合約價格每增加100日元，手續費增加170日元
持倉限制： 當前交割月 200 張
下一交割月 500 張
其他交割月 1500 張
總持倉 6000 張
最後交易日：交割日前第5個營業日
交割日：當月的最後營業日，12月除外，12月的交割日是倒數第二個最後營業日
交易時間：上午節：9：45， 10：45
下午節：13：45，14：45，15：30
交割地點：指定倉庫
交割方式：實物交割
5.紐約商業交易所
交易單位：
期貨：1000 美式桶（42000加侖）
期權：1張NYMEX(紐約商業交易所)的原油合約。

交易時間：
期貨和期權：上午9：45～下午3：10，為場內公開競價時間。
場外交易通過NYMEX ACCESSSM的電子交易系統進行。周一到周四下午4點開始交易，次日上午8點結束。周日電子交易下午7點開始。上述時間為紐約時間。

交易月份：
期貨：30個連續月加上遠期期貨距交割月36，48，60，72和84個月的合約。
這些日期只包括場內公開競價的時間。
期權：12個連續月，加上18，24，36個月以半年6或12月為結算周期的遠期期權。

報價方式：
期貨和期權：美元+美分/桶。

最小價格變動單位：
期貨期權：$0.01/桶($10/合約)

每日最大價格波動：
期貨：最早的2個合約月為$15/桶（$15000/合約）。如果按後續合約前一日結算價$3.00作為最大價格波動，則此後續合約之前的合約的最大價格波動由$3.00升到$6.00。
期權：不設波動限制。

最後交易日：
期貨：交易終止於交割月正常交易第25日之前的第3天，如果當月第25個正常交易日是非工作日，則以工作日順延。
期權：期貨最後交易日之前3日。

交割：
以FOB賣方的設備，在俄克拉荷馬州，以罐裝、管道或其他內容設備進行。

交割期：
所有交割必須在交割月交割期內完成。

可選擇交割程序(ADP)：
可選擇交割程序適用於以在交易所達成協議並最終履行現貨月合約的買方、賣方。如果買賣雙方同意以不同於合約上描述的條件交割，他們可在此基礎上，向交易所申請他們的意圖的交易條件。

自然的期貨交易（EFP）：
商業性買賣雙方可以通過向交易所提出申請的方式將他們的期貨頭寸改成相等的自然頭寸。EFP 可用於初始頭寸和清算頭寸。

可交割商品等級：
特定的國內原油硫磺重量低於0.42％，不超過37API或低於42API 的重量。下列國內原油渠道是可交割的：西德克薩斯中介，低香混合油，新墨西哥香型原油，北德克薩斯香型原油，俄克拉荷馬香型原油，南德克薩斯香型原油。
特定的外國原油不超過37API或42API的重量。下列外國原油渠道是可交割的：英國的布倫特和挪威的奧斯博格，賣方應該獲得最後結算價每桶30美分的折扣。奈及利亞和哥倫比亞交割時應有15美分的貼水。

品質檢查：
質檢按輸油管實際狀況進行。買方或賣方可以指定一名質檢員檢查交割油的質量。提出質檢要求的一方承擔質檢費用並提示對方將進行檢查。

頭寸限制：
所有月份合約總和最多為15000張，現貨月最後3天最多持有1000張合約，持任何單月合約最多不超過7500張。

保證金要求：
持買（賣）開期貨和短期期權頭寸需交納保證金。期權交易者的保證金不能超過貼水。

交易代碼：
期貨：CL
期權：LO

J. 農產品出口結構優化研究的有關的外文文獻

外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，並請及時知道評價，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，並請及時採納